npm

NPM 使用介绍

NPM 是随同NodeJS一起安装的包管理工具,能够解决NodeJS 代码部署上的很多问题,常见的使用场景有以下几种:
* 允许用户从NPM 服务器上下载别人编写的第三方包到本地使用。
* 允许用户从NPM 服务器上下载并安装别人编写的命令行程序到本地使用。
* 允许用户将自己编写的包或命令行程序上传到NPM 服务器上供别人使用。

查看NPM 版本

> npm -v

旧版NPM 升级

> sudo npm install npm -g
淘宝镜像安装
cnpm install npm -g

安装模块

> npm install express

包安装在工程目录下的node_modules目录中,引用时候,无需指定路径。

var express = require('express');

全局安装 与 本地安装

npm 的包安装分为本地安装(local)、全局安装(global)两种。

> npm install express  #局部安装
> npm install express -g #全局安装
npm err! Error:connect ECONNREFUSED 127.0.0.1:8087

# npm config set proxy null

本地安装

  • 将安装包放在./node_modules下(运行npm命令时所在的目录),如果没有node_modules目录就会在当前执行npm命令的目录下生成node_modules 目录。
  • 可以通过require()来引入本地安装的包。

全局安装

  • 将安装包放在 /usr/local 下或者node 的安装目录
  • 可以直接在命令行里使用。
  • 如果希望具备两者的功能,则需要在两个地方进行安装,或使用 npm link。

查看模块安装信息

> npm list #local
> npm list -g #global

查看某个模块的安装信息

> npm list express -g #global
> npm list express #local

package.json

{
  "name": "express",
  "description": "Fast, unopinionated, minimalist web framework",
  "version": "4.13.3",
  "author": {
    "name": "TJ Holowaychuk",
    "email": "tj@vision-media.ca"
  },
  "contributors": [
    {
      "name": "Aaron Heckmann",
      "email": "aaron.heckmann+github@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ciaran Jessup",
      "email": "ciaranj@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Douglas Christopher Wilson",
      "email": "doug@somethingdoug.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Guillermo Rauch",
      "email": "rauchg@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jonathan Ong",
      "email": "me@jongleberry.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Roman Shtylman",
      "email": "shtylman+expressjs@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Young Jae Sim",
      "email": "hanul@hanul.me"
    }
  ],
  "license": "MIT",
  "repository": {
    "type": "git",
    "url": "git+https://github.com/strongloop/express.git"
  },
  "homepage": "http://expressjs.com/",
  "keywords": [
    "express",
    "framework",
    "sinatra",
    "web",
    "rest",
    "restful",
    "router",
    "app",
    "api"
  ],
  "dependencies": {
    "accepts": "~1.2.12",
    "array-flatten": "1.1.1",
    "content-disposition": "0.5.0",
    "content-type": "~1.0.1",
    "cookie": "0.1.3",
    "cookie-signature": "1.0.6",
    "debug": "~2.2.0",
    "depd": "~1.0.1",
    "escape-html": "1.0.2",
    "etag": "~1.7.0",
    "finalhandler": "0.4.0",
    "fresh": "0.3.0",
    "merge-descriptors": "1.0.0",
    "methods": "~1.1.1",
    "on-finished": "~2.3.0",
    "parseurl": "~1.3.0",
    "path-to-regexp": "0.1.7",
    "proxy-addr": "~1.0.8",
    "qs": "4.0.0",
    "range-parser": "~1.0.2",
    "send": "0.13.0",
    "serve-static": "~1.10.0",
    "type-is": "~1.6.6",
    "utils-merge": "1.0.0",
    "vary": "~1.0.1"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "after": "0.8.1",
    "ejs": "2.3.3",
    "istanbul": "0.3.17",
    "marked": "0.3.5",
    "mocha": "2.2.5",
    "should": "7.0.2",
    "supertest": "1.0.1",
    "body-parser": "~1.13.3",
    "connect-redis": "~2.4.1",
    "cookie-parser": "~1.3.5",
    "cookie-session": "~1.2.0",
    "express-session": "~1.11.3",
    "jade": "~1.11.0",
    "method-override": "~2.3.5",
    "morgan": "~1.6.1",
    "multiparty": "~4.1.2",
    "vhost": "~3.0.1"
  },
  "engines": {
    "node": ">= 0.10.0"
  },
  "files": [
    "LICENSE",
    "History.md",
    "Readme.md",
    "index.js",
    "lib/"
  ],
  "scripts": {
    "test": "mocha --require test/support/env --reporter spec --bail --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
    "test-ci": "istanbul cover node_modules/mocha/bin/_mocha --report lcovonly -- --require test/support/env --reporter spec --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
    "test-cov": "istanbul cover node_modules/mocha/bin/_mocha -- --require test/support/env --reporter dot --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
    "test-tap": "mocha --require test/support/env --reporter tap --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/"
  },
  "gitHead": "ef7ad681b245fba023843ce94f6bcb8e275bbb8e",
  "bugs": {
    "url": "https://github.com/strongloop/express/issues"
  },
  "_id": "express@4.13.3",
  "_shasum": "ddb2f1fb4502bf33598d2b032b037960ca6c80a3",
  "_from": "express@*",
  "_npmVersion": "1.4.28",
  "_npmUser": {
    "name": "dougwilson",
    "email": "doug@somethingdoug.com"
  },
  "maintainers": [
    {
      "name": "tjholowaychuk",
      "email": "tj@vision-media.ca"
    },
    {
      "name": "jongleberry",
      "email": "jonathanrichardong@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "dougwilson",
      "email": "doug@somethingdoug.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "rfeng",
      "email": "enjoyjava@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "aredridel",
      "email": "aredridel@dinhe.net"
    },
    {
      "name": "strongloop",
      "email": "callback@strongloop.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "defunctzombie",
      "email": "shtylman@gmail.com"
    }
  ],
  "dist": {
    "shasum": "ddb2f1fb4502bf33598d2b032b037960ca6c80a3",
    "tarball": "http://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-4.13.3.tgz"
  },
  "directories": {},
  "_resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-4.13.3.tgz",
  "readme": "ERROR: No README data found!"
}

package.json 属性说明

  • name – 包名
  • version – 包的版本号
  • description – 包的描述
  • homepage – 包的官网 url
  • author – 包的作者姓名
  • contributors – 包的其他贡献者姓名
  • dependencies – 依赖包列表
  • respository – 包代码存放地方的类型,可以是git或svn,git可以在 Github上。
  • main – main 字段制定了程序的主入口文件,require('package-name')就会加载这个文件。字段默认值是模块根目录下面的index.js。
  • keywords – 关键字

卸载模块

> npm uninstall express

查看模块

> npm list

更新模块

> npm update express

搜索模块

> npm search express

创建模块

> npm init

This utility will walk you through creating a package.json file.
It only covers the most common items, and tries to guess sensible defaults.

See `npm help json` for definitive documentation on these fields
and exactly what they do.

Use `npm install <pkg> --save` afterwards to install a package and
save it as a dependency in the package.json file.

Press ^C at any time to quit.

name: (node_modules) fe.docs  # 模块名
version: (1.0.0) 
description: 网页文档  # 描述
entry point: (index.js) 
test command: 
git repository: https://github.com/daysunx2/fe.docs.git  # Github 地址
keywords: 
author: 
license: (ISC) 
About to write to ……/node_modules/package.json:      # 生成地址

{
  "name": "fe.docs",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "网页文档",
  ……
}


Is this ok? (yes) yes
> npm adduser
> Username: day
> Password: ******
> Email: (this IS public)xxx@qq.com

发布项目

> npm publish

版本号

使用NPM 下载和发布代码时都会接触到版本号,NPM 使用语义版本号来管理代码。

语义版本号分为 x.y.z 三位,分别代表主版本号、次版本号、和补丁版本号。当代码变更时,版本号应按照以下原则进行更新。

  • 如果只是修复bug,需要更新Z 位
  • 如果是新增了功能,但是向下兼容,需要更新Y位。
  • 如果有大的变动,向下不兼容,则需要更新X位。

NPM 常用命令

  • NPM 提供了很多的命令 如 install , publish ,使用 npm help 可以查看所有命令。
  • npm help <commond> 可查看某条命令的详细帮助,例如 npm help install。
  • 在package.json 所在的目录下使用 npm install . -g可先在本地安装当前命令行程序,可用于发布前的本地测试。
  • 使用npm update <package>可以把当前目录下的node_modules子目录里边的对应模块更新至最新版本。
  • npm update <package> -g 可以把全局安装的对应命令行程序更新至最新版。
  • npm cache clear 可以清空NPM本地缓存,用于对付使用相同版本号发布新版本代码的人。
  • npm unpublish <package>@<version> 可以撤销发布自己发布过的某个版本代码。

使用淘宝NPM 镜像

使用cnpm(gzip压缩支持)命令行工具代替默认的npm:

> npm install -g cnpm --registry=https://registry.npm.taobao.org
> cnpm install [name]

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